Sick Person Research Articles

[The urological case reports of the Hippocratic Corpus : Medical practice in classical Greece].

Which theoretical and practical competences do the urologic case histories of the Hippocratic Corpus convey? The 431Hippocratic case histories have been studied for reports and communication on diagnostic methods, treatment, and prognosis related to urologic diseases. Within the seven books of the Hippocratic Epidemics, atotal of 69patients with urologic symptoms are described; in 21 cases the urologic disease is dominant. The leading clinical signs were urine discoloration and urinary sediment, polyuria, testicular swelling and pain, hematuria, stranguria, anuria, and renal pain, the most frequent diseases were nephritis and urolithiasis. Most patients were men in juvenile and adult age; 33 sick persons are named. The statements of patients regarding the course of their illness were often sparse. Diagnostic tests were restricted to inspection and palpation. Otherwise, treatment was confined to conservative measures. The dietary decisions for treatment of nephritis were differentiated but nonuniform. The Hippocratic physician diagnosed and treated diseases of the urinary tract. Inflammatory conditions and traumatic lesions are described in detail. Highest priority was awarded to uroscopy. Nephritis was awidespread disorder und usually associated with other symptoms, above all fever. The urinary tract was often regarded as an indicator of physical and mental health. Conservative treatment measures dominate in the case reports.

Possibilities of Using Geoinformation Technologies in Epidemiological Surveillance of COVID-19 Infection at the Regional Level

Relevance. The spread of the new coronavirus infection throughout the world has led to expressed interest in studying, among other things, the patterns of territorial distribution of cases of the disease. Aim. To investigate the spatial distribution of cases of COVID-19 infection and develop proposals for the use of GIS technologies in the epidemiological supervision system for the new coronavirus infection at the regional level. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the territory of the closed administrative- territorial entity of Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory. 4176 cases of COVID-19 infection were reported during the study period of 57 weeks (04/12/2020 to 06/18/2021). Each case of the disease was geocoded by the residence of the sick person using a projection coordinate system from the open data of the Open Street Map resource. The spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases was studied with geographic information system QGIS Desktop version 3.28.0. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out using the Getis-Ord index. Results. During the application of GIS technologies, the density of distribution of COVID-19 infection cases was estimated, six zones with an average core density were discovered, the outbreaks in the northern part of the city had the greatest epidemiological significance. When assessing the clustering of cases within the specified territorial zones, eleven clusters were identified, three of which were characterized by the highest density of cases - 1210.1 cases per 1 sq. km, 1155.9 and 1116.7 cases per 1 sq. km. The Getis-Ord index value ranged from 0.00 to 2.576, the majority of cases was recorded in territorial clusters located in the northern part of the city. Conclusions. New knowledge obtained on the basis of modern GIS technologies about the presence of “hot spots” or clusters in the administrative territory will make the adjustment of preventive measures in micro-areas with a high prevalence of infection possible and develop strategies for more effective control of COVID-19 infection.

[The precarious balance of Gestalt change due to Franco Basaglia.]

Franco Basaglia's passionate battle to change the state of psychiatric care in Italy resembles the experiences we know as "Gestalt change". The health and well-being of the community, both family and social, constituted the dominant figure in the scenario of psychiatric disorders; the person of the sick person - and thus his rights, his dignity… - slipped into the background. The very health of the mentally ill person was seen as a function of social security. Health, that is, the very life of the person with psychiatric problems, became the object of our social gaze. Gestalt changes occur by slow and arduous cultural transformation. Just think of the not yet completed process of change in the relationship of male and female gender roles. However: Gestalt changes are not stable; the risk is that suddenly the figure we thought we had acquired forever becomes diluted, becoming background again. This uneasy balance suggests to exercise continuous vigilance.

Reconsidering the patient: pauvres malades and malades pauvres in eighteenth-century medical contexts

Abstract When humoral medicine gave way to more scientific approaches in the nineteenth century, the physician’s gaze changed. Amongst the epistemological transformations were representations and perceptions of the poor patient: the pauvre malade—a pauper who happened to be sick and was to be taken care of by traditional medical charities—became a malade pauvre, a sick person who happened to be poor and was to be treated in new institutions. This article explores these changes but in settings beyond the clinic. In three case studies, we explore the practice of the Genevan physician Louis Odier, the management of the poor in the French spa of Saint-Amand and, finally, treatises about British spas. The agency of physicians, administrators and the poor themselves are analysed. Physicians played an ambiguous role. Some resisted innovation and refused to consider the poor as suffering from the same diseases as the affluent; others made opportunistic use of case histories, including those of the poor, to convince richer patients of the benefits of specific treatments, thereby reinforcing ‘class-blind’ ontological conceptions of disease. Administrators, for their part, tended to see the poor foremost as patients and put pressure on physicians to arrive at precise diagnoses.

Assessing COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and practices among hospital employees: identifying sociodemographic determinants for improved public health strategies.

The working environment of healthcare institution during pandemic puts all hospital employees at high-risk of being exposed to contagious infections. An individual's behavior and response are largely determined by their level of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) toward a disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate and assess the KAP toward COVID-19 among hospital employees working in various positions and to identify the sociodemographic determinants associated with the level of KAP. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 1 to July 15, 2020 in Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alhasa, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia in which 221 hospital employees with varied job titles participated. The data for demographics and history of COVID-19 exposure, KAP related to COVID-19 spread and prevention were collected online using a web-based platform (Survey Monkey). Student's t-test/One-way ANOVA were used to compare total mean and standard deviation of KAP scores with demographic profiles and history of exposure. 89.1% employees knew that COVID-19 virus is mostly transmitted from human-to-human, and 76.0% employees acknowledged droplet transmission. 64.7% employees preferred to take a sick person with unconfirmed COVID-19 to a health facility. Physicians had higher knowledge scores for COVID-19 infection and non-medical employees had the lowest scores (7.47 ± 1.23 and 6.47 ± 1.44, respectively). Nurses had the highest practice scores and non-medical employees lowest practice score (6.16 ± 0.74 and 5.37 ± 1.14, respectively). Attitude scores were similar among all the employees. All employees reported an increase in hand-washing frequency and physical contact avoidance. The study results revealed socio-demographic factors; level of education, nationality, and field of service are associated with COVID-19 KAP. The study highlights that there is a gap in the level of knowledge about COVID-19, especially among nonmedical employees. Targeted interventional programs need to be planned and implemented to improve COVID-19 awareness among non-medical employees.

TB index case tracing in the Roma community in the Czech Republic.

Tuberculosis (TB) contact tracing and TB preventive treatment are key tools in preventing the transmission of TB with the aim of eliminating the disease. Our study seeks to demonstrate how the infection spread from an individual patient to the entire community and how proactive contact tracing facilitated prompt diagnosis and treatment. Our work was conducted as a retrospective analysis of the spread of TB infection within the Roma community in the Czech Republic, following the case of an index patient who succumbed to pulmonary TB. Several levels of care and preventive and treatment measures are outlined. Confirming the identity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain was achieved using molecular methods. Among the 39 individuals examined, TB disease was detected in eight patients and TB infection was detected in six patients. The investigation of contacts within this group yielded positive results in 36% of cases, necessitating treatment. The study's findings provide evidence that actively tracing individuals at risk can lead to early detection of cases, prompt treatment, and prevention of further disease transmission. The study also indicates that the highest risk of infection occurs within the sick person's household and that young children under the age of 5 are most susceptible to falling ill.

Knowledge of and Attitude towards First Aid Measures among Drivers in Sharjah

Injury is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. First aid is the immediate assistance provided to a suddenly injured or sick person until professional help arrives or that person has recovered. Many lives would be saved if proper first aid was provided early. In the Middle East, there are limited studies that explore knowledge and practices towards first aid needed during RTA. The aim of this study is to investigate the knowledge and attitude towards first aid among drivers in Sharjah. A cross-sectional study was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire written in Arabic and the English language. Participants were 18 years or older holding a driving license in the city of Sharjah. Paramedics and certified participants with a certification from authorized organizations were excluded. A non-proportional convenient sampling method was used. A total of 343 participants completed the questionnaires. The majority of the study participants were less than 40 years old, and (56.76%) were males. Most participants (94.2%) indicated that they know the term ‘First Aid’. However, (49.7%) of the participants knew the number to call for an ambulance, and (52.43%) of the participants indicated that the victim should be moved to the hospital without an ambulance. With regard to attitude, (34.86%) were not willing to provide first aid in the case of RTA. The main reason was lack of knowledge, followed by fear of legal consequences. Most participants (83.78%) were willing to participate in first aid classes to improve their knowledge and attitude. Most participants are aware of the basic terms of first aid; however, they are not willing to provide first aid in cases of RTA due to lack of knowledge and fear of legal consequences. Based on these findings, we recommend providing first aid classes to new drivers so that they can obtain certification.

Earlier detection of occult peritoneal metastasis by Pro_Segment in gastric cancer employing augmented deep learning techniques in big data with medical IoT (MIoT)

Occult peritoneal metastasis often emerges in sick persons having matured gastric cancer (GC) and is inexpertly detected with presently feasible instruments. Due to the existence of peritoneal metastasis that prevents the probability of healing crucial operation, there relies upon a discontented requirement for an initial diagnosis to accurately recognize sick persons having occult peritoneal metastasis. The proffered paradigm of this chapter identifies the initial phases of occult peritoneal metastasis in GC. The initial phase accompanies metabolomics for inspecting biomarkers. If the sick person undergoes the initial signs of occult peritoneal metastasis in GC, early detection is conducted. Yet, the physical prognosis of this cancer cannot diagnose it, and so, automated detection of the images by dissecting the preoperational Computed Tomography (CT) images by conditional random fields accompanying Pro-DAE (Post-processing Denoising Autoencoders) and the labeling in the images is rid by denoising strainers; later, the ensued images and the segmented images experience the Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN), and the outcome feature graph information experience the enhanced categorizer (Greywold and Cuckoo Search Naïve Bayes categorizer) procedure that is employed for initial diagnosis of cancer. Diagnosis of cancer at the initial phase certainly lessens the matured phases of cancer. Hence, this medical information is gathered and treated for diagnosing the sickness.

Semantic analysis based on ontology and deep learning for a chatbot to assist persons with personality disorders on Twitter

ABSTRACT This paper presents a chatbot taking advantage of semantic analysis based on ontology and deep learning techniques for ensuring the monitoring of Twitter users with personality disorders during the period of COVID-19. The monitoring provided by our work consists of (i) removing inappropriate tweets from the newsfeed of the sick person according to their state, (ii) providing via a chatbot an answer to the sick person in the form of another tweet that can help him to overcome their concerns about a problem related to the epidemic. Our approach was started by detecting people having personality disorders on Twitter, followed by detecting their behaviour towards COVID-19 expressed in tweets posted in relation to this epidemic. After that, moving to perform the filtration and the recommendation tasks of tweets based on a semantic analysis. Our semantic analysis is achieved at first by querying an ontology based on a comparison taking into account concepts and behaviour expressed. Then, via a deep learning approach in order to resolve untreated cases by the ontology. For the evaluation part, we obtained an F-measure value equals to 72% for the task of filtering inappropriate tweets and 75% for the task of recommended tweet.

Potential determinants of antibody responses after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in older persons: the Doetinchem Cohort Study

BackgroundImmune responses to vaccination vary widely between individuals. The aim of this study was to identify health-related variables potentially underlying the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in older persons. We recruited participants in the long-running Doetinchem Cohort Study (DCS) who underwent vaccination as part of the national COVID-19 program, and measured antibody concentrations to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S1) and Nucleoprotein (N) at baseline (T0), and a month after both the first vaccination (T1), and the second vaccination (T2). Associations between the antibody concentrations and demographic variables, including age, sex, socio-economic status (SES), comorbidities (cardiovascular diseases and immune mediated diseases), various health parameters (cardiometabolic markers, inflammation markers, kidney- and lung function) and a composite measure of frailty (‘frailty index’, ranging from 0 to 1) were tested using multivariate models.ResultsWe included 1457 persons aged 50 to 92 years old. Of these persons 1257 were infection naïve after their primary vaccination series. The majority (N = 954) of these individuals were vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer) and their data were used for further analysis. A higher frailty index was associated with lower anti-S1 antibody responses at T1 and T2 for both men (RT1 = -0.095, PT1 = 0.05; RT2 = -0.11, PT2 = 0.02) and women (RT1 = -0.24, PT1 < 0.01; RT2 = -0.15, PT2 < 0.01). After correcting for age and sex the frailty index was also associated with the relative increase in anti-S1 IgG concentrations between the two vaccinations (β = 1.6, P < 0.01). Within the construct of frailty, history of a cardiac catheterization, diabetes, gastrointestinal disease, a cognitive speed in the lowest decile of the population distribution, and impaired lung function were associated with lower antibody responses after both vaccinations.ConclusionsComponents of frailty play a key role in the primary vaccination response to the BNT162b2 vaccine within an ageing population. Older persons with various comorbidities have a lowered immune response after their first vaccination, and while frail and sick older persons see a stronger increase after their second vaccination compared to healthy people, they still have a lower antibody response after their second vaccination.

“Stony Optic Defies”

Abstract Despite being healed from smallpox in 1903, William Seymour incurred scarring in his left eye and lived with monocular vision. He wore a glass eye that somewhat concealed his disability, and few photographs reveal his deformity. Pentecostal scholars have reflected deeply on Seymour’s race and class but have devoted little discussion to his disability. Seymour himself seemingly attributed his blindness to his own sin, but his theology assumed that healing was available to everyone, and that God aimed to cure all sick and disabled persons. The disjuncture between Seymour’s theology and his personal experience of disability gives Pentecostals an opportunity to reflect anew on how the movement has unknowingly misunderstood and harmed many persons living with disabilities.

Support instruments for people in mental health crisis

The subject of considerations in the article are issues related to the problems occurring in the professional work of social workers, who, repeatedly, deal with interventions for people with mental disorders, who most often do not want to undergo treatment. Increasingly, families claim that the best solution would be to incapacitate such a family member. In addition, the draft act amending the Mental Health Protection Act assumes that doctors will put pressure on family members to use the incapacitation procedure. The aim of this article is to show that incapacitation should be a last resort and to present various forms of support and help for both the patient and family members. The basic research method was the dogmatic method, i.e., formal and legal, involving the use of the existing achievements of law science, which is based on the analysis of legal texts in this area. The assessment of this issue was subject to examination of the current legislation and courts decisions in this respect. Considerations on the necessity of incapacitation are presented in three parts. The first one discusses the importance of protection of health, including mental health, which is protected not only constitutionally, but also under other laws. The second part defines the essence of partial and total incapacitation, its process, entities that may apply for incapacitation. I present legal consequences for an incapacitated person as well as consequences for a person applying for incapacitation recklessly or in bad faith. I answer the question whether a register of incapacitated persons should be established. In the third part, I describe the procedure of application for admission to a psychiatric hospital, which may be carried out, inter alia, by a social worker, a wide range of financial, institutional and social work assistance that can be guaranteed by the social support body for the sick person, so that incapacitation is the extreme measure. The result of this article is to demonstrate that social assistance organisational units, including a social worker and families, have various instruments to support a person in a mental health crisis.

Medical Assistance in the De-Occupied Ukrainian Territory.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has affected more people and destroyed a local public health facility. When some territories in Ukraine were de-occupied, national and international mobile clinics (MCs) were involved for medical assistance to local inhabitants. Knowledge about population health, medical, and humanitarian needs after they have been de-occupied has to improve planning for health system response. The aim of this study was to summarized the MC experience at the first month after the area was de-occupied, as well as to show out-patient visits and to identify a need for medicines and medical equipment in the MC. The information related to the missions was obtained by direct observation and estimation on empirical data gathering in the field during a twelve-day mission in April-May 2022. All patients were divided by age, sex, and diseases according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10). During the twelve-day MC mission, medical assistance was provided for 478 out-patients. Descriptive statistical methods were undertaken using Microsoft Office 2019, Excel with data analysis. All out-patients were evaluated clinically. Personal medical cards were completed for each patient. Glucose testing as well as tests for coronavirus disease 2019/COVID-19 had been done, if it was necessary. All sick persons were treated for their disease. The priority needs for emergency and primary medical care, medicines, and hygienic and sanitation supplies after the area was de-occupied were fixed. The most frequent reasons for visiting the МС were: hypertension (27.6%), musculoskeletal-related (arthritis) diseases (26.9%), heart and peripheral vascular diseases (12.1%), upper gastrointestinal disorder (5.4%), upper respiratory infection (5.0%), and diabetes Type-2 (3.7%). Other diagnoses such as lower respiratory tract infection, diagnoses of the digestive system (hemorrhoids and perianal venous thrombosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/COPD or asthma, eye diseases, gynecology-related condition, menstrual condition, and urinary tract disorder were distributed almost equally (0.21%-2.51%) among the patient population. In the de-occupied territories, a health responder could be ready for medical assistance to patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as well as to support a person with psychological reactions who asked for sedatives and sleep-inducing medicines. These data clearly demonstrate that MCs must be equipped by blood pressure (BP) monitor, stethoscope, pulse oximeter, and diabetes testing kit glucose with essential medicines. This study improves health response planning for local civilian populations in de-occupied territory.

Narcissisme et relations d’objets dans l’expérience de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Éclairage des méthodes projectives

ContextThis doctoral research, carried out at the Univeristé Paris Cité, is interested in the possibilities of meeting the elderly person who have the singular experience of Alzheimer's disease and living in a geriatric institution, in his or her psychic interiority. ObjectivesDespite a change in outlook, the social representations attached to Alzheimer's disease remain strongly marked by the seal of the loss, deficit, lack and dependence. The complementarity of the approach of cognitive neurosciences with that of psychoanalysis proves fruitful for thinking about the person in his subjectivity. Without denying the reality of neurological and cognitive damage, this work aims to qualify the deficit vision that still persists today. MethodA qualitative longitudinal study makes it possible to appreciate the effect of the aggravation of the disease on the representational capacities and the processes of symbolization of the elderly suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The methodological device provides for a clinical interview, a neuropsychological assessment and the proposition of three projective tests (Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, Sceno-test). ResultsThe support of the object in these figurative and sensory qualities and the modalities of relational investment, subject to a measured affect, proves conducive to the resumption of the work of liaison. From this reseach, a certain number of limits due to the disease also emerge: the transitory character of these recovered capacities indicates the great dependence of the sick persons on their environment. The figurative qualities of the object appear as a support but also as a limitation of the thought of the person who struggles to free herself from the perception identity. The presence of the real object contains and retains the expression of the sick person's internal world. ConclusionThis research opens up valuable perspectives in the adaptation of life skills, particularly for caregivers in institutions, but also for family members. The potential for encounters that it highlights supports their empathic and identification capacities and reduces the disturbing “uncanny” sometimes experienced. Finally, the recognition of subjectivity in spite of the severity of the disorders supports a humanistic vision of the ill person and invites us to think of disturbed behaviors as being both a deficit sign linked to the illness but also, potentially, an attempt to express subjectivity.

Study Literatur: Kacang Kedelai sebagai Obat Herbal Indonesia Penurun Kadar Kolesterol

The level of cholesterol in the body is so high that it negatively affects a sick person. Without effective treatment, the possible negative effects on the body, such as strokes and heart attacks, can even cause death. Excess cholesterol in the body can accumulate on the walls of the arteries and cause blockage of blood flow which should flow properly through body anatomy examples are brain and heart. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, There are many natural herbal medicines to minimize hypercholesterolemia including soy. This natural herbal remedy is used as an alternative treatment, so you don't always have to rely on prescription drugs. The method applied to write this article is to use a literature review approach. The journal unification process is carried out by selecting research journals based on predetermined criteria. The criteria used are:Journals indexed by Google Scholar published within the last six (6) years. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that natural herbal products from Indonesia, namely soybeans, can be used as an alternative choice for patients with hypercholesterolemia, but must use a certain dose.

SUGGESTING THE ISLAMIC LAW APPROACH TO THE PRACTICE OF EUTHANASIA IN NIGERIA

Advancements in both medical technology and bioethics have generated various new moral issues regarding abortion, cloning, and euthanasia. Arguments on euthanasia often hinge on the ‘right to life’ and the ‘right to die’. The first is a widely accepted basic human right and moral value, based on the fact that people generally want to live. However, what should be the case when seriously ill people choose to die because of unbearable pain? This concerns both medical and religious ethics and it becoming more pressing recently. How can a balance be maintained between the right to life and making death an alternative for a sick person experiencing unbearable pain? This, therefore, forms the premise under which this paper is written from the perspectives of Islamic ethics vis-à-vis medical ethics. The objective of this paper is therefore to consider the Islamic ethical position on euthanasia to appreciate its comprehensiveness and investigate medical treatment and practice of euthanasia. While adopting doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods, the findings of this study show that many people particularly in Nigeria unwittingly practice passive euthanasia as a result of religious doctrine or economic disadvantage. The study concludes that Allah grants human beings the right to live but not the right to die under any circumstance and that nature be allowed to take its course.

Women education in the Soviet prophylactoria and the care homes for sexually transmitted disease patients in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany.

In the 1920s, so-called prophylactoria were established in the USSR. In these institutions, sex workers with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were treated. After the end of World War II, care homes for patients with STDs were established in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany (SOZ). These institutions were also intended to treat people suffering from STDs. This article compares these two types of medical institutions. Sources from the State Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow, the German Federal Archives in Berlin and the City Archive Zwickau were used. The analysed sources were evaluated by using the historical-critical method. The prophylactoria were novel institutions that combined education and medical treatment of people with STDs. Similar strategies were followed in the care homes for STD patients. In both institutions, the sick persons had to follow a regular daily routine and work every day. The political indoctrination served to educate 'socialist personalities'. Nevertheless, various differences can be found between the facilities: the length of stay was different. The women in Soviet prophylactoria were cared for there for up to 2 years. However, the standard duration of stay in the care homes for STD patients was 3-6 months. The prophylactoria had a long-term programme not only to treat sick women but also to reeducate them. The aim was to enlighten and integrate them into the new Soviet society. The care homes for STD patients had a short-term programme of combating venereal diseases. Their main goal was to treat patients with STDs as quickly as possible, while education was an additional measure. Whether both institutions were successful in educating and treating these patients can hardly be assessed from today's perspective.

DYNAMICS IN COSTS AND THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS OF THE FIVE MOST RESOURCE-CONSUMING DISEASES PAID WITH PUBLIC FUNDS FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE FUND FOR HOME TREATMENT

On a global scale, health care costs are constantly growing, with a large part of them taking up the costs of medicinal products. The trend for the increase in the consumption of medicinal products is due to the following main reasons: the aging of the population, the possibility of medical treatment of more and more diseases and the development of new medicinal products. A challenge for the governments of individual countries is how, with limited financial resources, to ensure access for the widest possible range of patients to the best medicines. One way to contain health care costs is the reimbursement method. At the same time, a guarantee is needed that decisions to pay for publicly funded medicines are based on cost-effectiveness criteria.The purpose of the current study is to track the dynamics of the costs of medicinal products, medical devices and dietetic foods for home treatment and the number of sick health insured persons from the five most resource-intensive diseases, paid with public funds from the National Health Insurance Fund in Bulgaria for 2021 and 2022.Materials and methods: Documentary method - monthly statements of the National Health Insurance Fund for costs and number of patients for medicinal products, medical devices and dietary foods for home treatment, according to the ICD code of the disease; Economical analysis; Medical statistical methods; Tabular and graphical analyzes - to visualize the obtained results.Results and analysis: Based on the results obtained from the study, it is clear that for the observed period the total costs of medicinal products for home treatment reimbursed by the NHIF increased by 11.43%. Of the five most resource-intensive diseases, the disease for which the most public funds are spent on medicinal products for home treatment is Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, with neurological complications, and the highest rate of increase in spending in 2022 is Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, without complications – with 18.3%.Conclusion: In contrast to the upward trend in the costs of medicinal products, we observe a slight downward trend in the total number of sick persons with mandatory health insurance in 2022 compared to 2021. In the total number of patients for whom public funds were spent on medicinal products for home treatment by the NHIF, the reduction was 0.97%. Despite the general trend, with the most resource-intensive diseases under consideration, the number of patients slightly increased, with the exception of only one of them.

Major depression disorder - etiology and treatment

Introduction and purpose: The problem of major depression disorder (MDD) affects more and more people. In a few years, it may become the most common disease after cardiovascular diseases and cancer. MDD are manifested by a depressed mood, decreased energy, loss of interest and the ability to enjoy life, as well as a number of other additional symptoms. Untreated MDD can lead to disability. This entails not only consequences for the sick person but also increased social costs. That is why it is so important to know the causes of its formation and to look for new therapeutic methods.&#x0D; State of knowledge: The development of MDD is influenced by genetic factors, inflammatory factors and hormonal disorders, changes in the structure of the brain, disorders in neurotransmission. The microbiome-gut-brain axis affects mood regulation and neurotransmission in the brain. Bacteria such as Escherichia, Shigella, Enterococcus, Streptococccus, Alistipes, Parabacterioides, Veillonella have been identified as having a potential negative effect on the development of MDD and response to treatment. The use of probiotics containing Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum and Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 may help reduce the symptoms of MDD. In recent years, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the intranasal preparation of esketamine for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder with severe suicidal thoughts. Unlike other antidepressants, it has a quick effect on reducing symptoms.&#x0D; Summary: Due to the global problem of MDD, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms of its formation. Particular attention should be paid to the influence of microbiota.

Natural flavones from edible and medicinal plants exhibit enormous potential to treat ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic aspecific gut inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the recta and colons. It mostly presents as a long course of repeated attacks. This disease, characterized by intermittent diarrhoea, fecal blood, stomachache, and tenesmus, severely decreases the living quality of sick persons. UC is difficult to heal, has a high recurrence rate, and is tightly related to the incidence of colon cancer. Although there are a number of drugs available for the suppression of colitis, the conventional therapy possesses certain limitations and severe adverse reactions. Thus, it is extremely required for safe and effective medicines for colitis, and naturally derived flavones exhibited huge prospects. This study focused on the advancement of naturally derived flavones from edible and pharmaceutical plants for treating colitis. The underlying mechanisms of natural-derived flavones in treating UC were closely linked to the regulation of enteric barrier function, immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, gut microflora, and SCFAs production. The prominent effects and safety of natural-derived flavones make them promising candidate drugs for colitis treatment.